Volume15,Issue2

Background: Quercus Oblongata D.Don is utilized in traditional healing as many of its members have been utilizes to prevent and treat various disorders in humans such as hemorrhoid, gastric ulcers, asthma and healing of wound. Various biological activity of the family includes antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and gastro protective activities due to the presence of important chemical constituents such as Phenolic acids, Flavanoids and triterpenoids. Despite the known traditional utilization of this plant as a healer still there has been no decisive experimental outcomes mentioned related to phytochemical and pharmacognostic investigation of the plant. Aim: Thus, the current study was performed to investigate and study the pharmacognostical and phytochemical estimation of Quercus Oblongata D. Don. Material and Methods: Leaf samples of Quercus Oblongata D.Don were put through organoleptic and microscopical studies. Various physicochemical variables were also calculated and initial phytochemical determination with different solvents like ethyl acetate, acetone, petroleum ether, methanol and aqueous extract of plant leaf part were carried out in accordance to polarity. Leaf powder of plant material was accommodated with various laboratory reagent used for powder microscopy and also subjected for florescence analysis under UV light of short and long wavelength and visible light. Results:  In the lower and upper epidermis in leaf microscopical studies reveals various cell constants such as epidermis, glandular trichome, covering trichome, collenchymas, vascular bundle, xylem and palisade cells. Various physicochemical determinations such as extractive value, loss on drying, swelling, foaming index and ash value were evaluated for leaf part. Different range of fluorescence color was analyzed by Fluorescence analysis for powdered crude drug. Phytochemical determination shows the presence of chemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins, glycosides and proteins in leaf. Antioxidant potential was determined with the help of DPPH assay method in which ethyl acetate and methanol extract showed maximum antioxidant activity.

Background: Genus Lactuca L., belonging to the tribe Cichorieae comes in the category of Compositae family which is presently known as Asteraceae family. According to the plant list (TLP) in Asia, Northern America and Europe around 147 species of Lactuca are distributed. The genus Lactuca is derived from Latin word “Lac” meaning milk is native of Southwest Asia and Mediterranean basin. In India in hilly regions and plains of Himanchal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, J & K and Arunanchal Pradesh 24 species of Lactuca genus has been reported. Genus Lacuca comprises of various phytochemical and they are utilized in conventional system of medicine for preventing many diseases such as lack of apetite, pain, inflammation UTI and bronchitis. This genus contains sesquiterpenes, lactones, guaianolides, germacranolides, lignans, tannins, flavanoids, flavones and phenolic acid. Despite the known active constituents and conventional application of this herb as a curer still there has been no much experimental results mentioned related to pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigation and antioxidant potential of the plant. Aim: Thus, the current study was performed to evaluate, investigate and study the pharmacognostical and phytochemical estimation and determination of antioxidant potential of Lactuca dissecta D.Don. Material and Methods: Root samples of Lactuca dissecta D.Don were evaluated for macroscopical and microscopical studies. Different physicochemical parameters were also determined and calculated and preliminary phytochemical determination with different solvents like ethyl acetate, acetone, petroleum ether, methanol and aqueous extract of plant root part were carried out in accordance to polarity. Root powder of plant material was treated with different laboratory chemicals used for analysis of powder microscopy and also subjected for florescence analysis under UV light of short and long wavelength and visible light. Antioxidant potential of root extract was also evaluated through DPPH assay. Results: Transverse section of the root part shows rows of cork cells 7 to 8 tangentially. Under the cortex parenchyma’s cells are present which loosely arranged containing prismatic calcium oxalate crystals. Cortical cells consist of brown color content which was embedded with starch grains. Different physicochemical calculation and determinations such as extractive value, loss on drying, swelling, foaming index and ash value were evaluated for root part. Different range of fluorescence color was analyzed by Fluorescence analysis for powdered crude drug. Phytochemical determination shows the presence of chemical constituents such as steroids, proteins, tannins, flavanoids and alkaloids. Antioxidant potential was determined with the help of DPPH assay method in which ethyl acetate and methanol extract showed maximum antioxidant activity.

Objectives: The most frequent pelvic tumours in women are uterine fibroids, which have a prevalence of 21.4% worldwide. The aim of this study is to examine the associated risk factors in patients suffering from uterine fibroids and their impact on women lives. Data Sources: MEDLINE, OVID, PubMed (1950–December 2015), Google scholar, individual article files, and bibliographies of found articles that addressed the issue of interest and original research. Study Selection: The articles were chosen for their applicability to the associated risk factors of Uterine Fibroids and their economic impact on women. Patients who met the criteria had to undergo a transvaginal ultrasound. Results: In 21.4% of them, uterine fibroids were found. Heavy bleeding, prolonged bleeding, bleeding between periods, frequent periods, irregular and regular periods were all symptoms that women with uterine fibroids reported reporting substantially more frequently than those without a diagnosis. Participants’ ages ranged from 42.08±8.89 on average. According to BMI data, women with a weight between 18.5 kg/m2 and 24.9 kg/m2 (36.49%) and 25 kg/m2 to 29.9 kg/m2 (54.74%) and 30 kg/m2(8.75%) had a greater prevalence of fibroids. When compared to women who had previously taken oral contraceptives, those who hadn’t had a higher prevalence of fibroids. Other risk variables previously mentioned did not seem to be significant. Conclusion: Age and BMI had significant effects on the prevalence of fibroids. Due to their comparatively high incidence and potential negative effects on patients’ quality of life, fibroids are a significant gynecologic pathology in women. Women with UF had to control their symptoms, receive treatments, and bear a heavier financial burden, to name a few issues.

Despite advances in medicine, treating heart failure (HF), which typically manifests as a disease syndrome, has been difficult for medical professionals. This is demonstrated by the substantially greater readmission rate, as well as the elevated mortality and morbidity linked to HF. In this review article, we first give a broad overview of the various heart failure pathogenesis types and diagnostic characteristics of HF the effectiveness of therapeutic approaches, and the morbidity and mortality of HF. An ageing population and an increase in multimorbidity have led to an increase in polypharmacy and heart failure. According to national and international recommendations that predispose individuals to polypharmacy, treating heart failure demands the prescription of many drugs. This review’s objectives are to determine how polypharmacy has been defined among heart failure patients in the literature, determine whether a common definition in relation to heart failure can be found, and describe the prevalence. In this review we also discuss the   Pathophysiological differences between HFpEF and HFrEF.

Preeclampsia is a pregnant hypertension condition. It has a significant negative impact on maternal and perinatal health and affects 2–8% of pregnancies worldwide. The disease’s main features are hypertension and proteinuria, though systemic organ damage could follow. The aberrant placentation that precedes the release of antiangiogenic markers, which is predominantly mediated by soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin, is the first sign of the clinical condition.(sEng). Every maternal organ system, including the fetus, may be adversely affected by high levels of sFlt-1 and sEng due to endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction, and immunological dysregulation. With an emphasis on the mechanisms underlying the clinical symptoms, this article thoroughly investigates the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. The only permanent remedy is delivery. In high-risk populations, low-dose aspirin is advised for prophylaxis. There are few other therapy alternatives. The pathophysiology of this common disease has to be clarified in order to find possible therapeutic targets for better treatment and, ultimately, outcomes. The three most common causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide are preeclampsia and eclampsia. Rates of eclampsia, maternal mortality, and maternal morbidity in wealthy nations have significantly decreased during the past 50 years. In contrast, maternal mortality, problems during pregnancy, and eclampsia rates are still high in developing nations. In industrialised nations, preeclampsia-eclampsia patients are properly managed, and prenatal care is widely accessible. These discrepancies are mostly attributable to these factors.

This study was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials of dose dependent carbohydrate nature of lyophilized tulsi leaf powder (LTLP) and in comparison, with standard drug glibenclamide (2.5 mg/kg BW/day) on alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic male albino rats. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by the administration of alloxan monohydrate at 100 mg/kg of body weight. After 48 h, rats with fasting blood glucose levels of 200 mg/dL and above were considered diabetic and used for the study. Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups of 10 animal each viz. Group I rats non-diabetic (normal control), Group II consisted of diabetic control rats that received no treatment, Group III rats diabetic conventional treated (treated with Glibenclamide) and Groups of IV and V rats diabetic treated (supplementation with graded doses of LTLP, 50 and 100mg/ kg, BW/ day, respectively). Blood samples were collected at days 14 and 28 post-treatment for haematological and serum insulin parameters. At the end of the experimental period (28 days), the liver and skeletal muscle tissues were collected for the assessment of activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes and glycogen content. The intestine was collected, and intestinal homogenate was prepared to analyse the intestinal enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants activities. To assess the protective potentials of LTLP, the histopathological studies on liver and pancreas in diabetic induced rats were performed. The results established that graded doses of LTLP supplementation in alloxan induced diabetic rats significantly (P ≤ 0.05) altered blood glucose levels, hematological and serum chemistry profiles, glycogen content and carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities in liver and skeletal muscle towards the control levels. Treatment with LTLP produced significant (P ≤ 0.05) recovery in the levels of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidant markers of intestinal homogenate when compared with diabetic control and Glibenclamide drug. Histopathological investigations revealed that microscopic architecture of liver and pancreatic improvised in LTLP treated diabetic rats with respect to diabetic control. These findings showed clearly indicates that carbohydrate nature of LTLP may be utilized as important source of natural antioxidants with antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic potential and can be used as an herbal medicine for diabetes.

Objectives: A growing global public health, medical, and economic issue is allergic rhinitis (AR). To describe the Classification, management and economic burden of allergic rhinitis. Data Sources: MEDLINE, OVID, PubMed (1950–November 2009), Research articles. Study Criteria: The publications were chosen on the basis of their suitability to the management and impact of allergic rhinitis. Results: Despite the fact that allergic rhinitis frequently causes symptoms, its effects on patients’ quality of life, and the enormous costs associated with its treatment. A burden is undoubtedly created by allergic rhinitis in context to people affected, overall costs. Additionally, it shows that a sizable majority of those suffering with allergic rhinitis did not seek physician opinion. Conclusion: The overall financial expenses estimated to be $3.4 billion, with nearly half of this expense being composed of prescription drugs. As a result, allergic rhinitis has a significant economic impact. There are numerous treatment alternatives, and we reviewed them to give you an update on their efficacy and any side effects that can impair patient adherence.